Imagining the World through the Arts for Drama and Puppetry

Question: Discuss about theImagining the World through the Arts for Drama and Puppetry. Answer: Talking in the context of the children the creative arts refers to the practices and the forms of arts which nourishes the creativity in each of the children during their early childhood. The examples of such art forms are dancing, art and crafts, music, drama and puppetry. These types of art forms initiate and shape a childs imagination and open several exclusive possibilities for each and every child. The creative arts are another way to teach the children that it is not right to emphasize only on the results rather than the method or the way by which a person reaches the conclusion is far more significant. Creative arts open up several domains and foster flexibility in the minds of the children. The types of Creative Arts judge the knowledge, competencies, and values, of the children developed by them after learning the various types of creative arts. Each of the genres of the art ( like dance, art and crafts, visual arts and music) is formed around four strands which are inter-related with each other. The four strands are: Understanding the context of the art, gaining the practical knowledge of the art form, the ability creates in arts, the ability to interpret and communicate the various forms of arts. Understanding the theme of art helps learning to acknowledge the power of arts to shape the entire world(Durden, Escalante Blitch, 2015).To enquire about the evolving nature of art over a period of time, the forms of art have been constantly changing and adapting with the evolving emotional state of the human beings. This also helps to find out the interrelation between tarts and the contemporary forms of art in the creative industry. The function of the next strand is to develop the practical skills required to master a particular form of art and to connect them (Russell-Bowie, 2012). This form teaches exploration and experimentation of the methods of the art forms, learning and using different structures, technologies and processes related to the arts and also engaging with others who are interested in these forms of art and to interact and learn from them. It also makes one to apply new techniques in the practical application of the arts. The students develop the ability to put forward creative ideas with the help of various types of creative art forms and in this way, they also develop a creative power (Wilkinson et al., 2017). By going through the process of arts and making up different ideas to create a new form of it. Building confidence and expressing ones emotions and feelings through the forms of creative art, sharing the ideas of development with others for further learning, creating unique artwork reflecting the knowledge gained from the learning and practice. Communicating and interpreting in the arts helps to promote and refine the chances of the children and also to share and convert the meaning of the creative forms by presenting their own form of art using the contemporary forms of art (Ewing, 2010 ). Viewing the works done by others from a critical point and to respond to such art works. Challenging oneself and others to practice a different form of learning the new ways of the art forms. To understand the ideas related to various forms of art and practicing various forms of the same. The benefits and significance of creative arts in the early childhood include the physical and the all-round mental development of the children; it helps to reduce stress and also at the same time enhances emotional stability. One may easily question that how the creative arts can help in the development of motor skills in the children, but the answer is rather a simple one. While drawing or creating crafts the children develops their ability to hold things and utilize them as per their necessity enhances their physical movement skills (Hopkins, Geangu Linkenauger, 2017). Although people take, their ability to work and function for granted but everyone has adapted with their motor skills since their childhood, and these skills are developed in the stages of early childhood. The different types of activities help to build the ability to function properly in the children. For example, at the time when a child tries to draw something or try to grab something using their hand then it en hances the eye co-ordination with the hand (Formosinho Formosinho, 2017). While dancing, playing the children the children engages into various physical movements, which also increases their physical abilities. All these skills later help in the future proper body function when children grow into an adult. Obviously, the creative arts provide an outlet to the youngsters to investigate and take up control over their feelings, as well (Stoll, 2015). The expressions of the humans have dependably been believed to be an enthusiastic and expressive diversion, and this remains constant for kids too, despite the fact that in a way unique in relation to for more established people (McPherson, 2015). For instance, while human expressions enable grown-ups to show sentiments they may in some way or another experience issues communicating. The show of the human experience helps the children to explore their own feelings, and this helps them to become better furnished to manage the high points and low points that will end up being a part of their lives as they grow up. As told by the scientists, the form of creative arts help the kids to learn about subjectivity of a thing (Duffy, 2006). As per Lev Vygotsky, such ways help the children to learn certain new things, the children learn by trying to understand the meaning of the actions they see in their surroundings and they then start copying the same. Besides, according to him the social interaction of the kids was very important for this particular process, calling it "platform," where a child with a very limited knowledge base expands his/her aptitude level by copying an individual with a bigger and better learning base, like a grown-up (Moore, 2017). For instance, if a kid with low motor skills see that another child is doing good at painting then the other one will try to imitate the child will better abilities and will learn in the process. The direction of activity is the example of a suitable pedagogical principle, which helps in the intellectual, and the aesthetic development of the children. The children copy the activities from others and they learn in the process (Stoll, 2015). This process is now mostly followed in the primary schools where the teachers perform various activities, the children follow and in turn. While selecting these activities the teacher needs to be careful and follow certain sub principles (Singer, 2017). The learning objectives and the learning procedures should be similar in every way. Activities make the children learn a lot of things and they carry this knowledge further into the future when they grow up. Thus, direction of activities is one of the most important principles for all round development Reference List: Durden, T. R., Escalante, E., Blitch, K. (2015). Start with us! Culturally relevant pedagogy in the preschool classroom.Early Childhood Education Journal,43(3), 223-232. Formosinho, J., Formosinho, J. (2017). Pedagogy development: transmissive and participatory pedagogies for mass schooling. InAssessment and Evaluation for Transformation in Early Childhood(pp. 31-53). Routledge. Hopkins, B., Geangu, E., Linkenauger, S. (Eds.). (2017).The Cambridge encyclopedia of child development. Cambridge University Press. McPherson, G. E. (Ed.). (2015).The child as musician: A handbook of musical development. Oxford University Press. Moore, R. C. (2017).Childhood's domain: Play and place in child development(Vol. 6). Routledge. Singer, E. (2017).Child-care and the psychology of development. Routledge. Stoll, L. (2015). Three greats for a self-improving school system: pedagogy, professional development and leadership: teaching schools RD network national themes project 2012-14: Spring 2015. Wilkinson, I. A., Reznitskaya, A., Bourdage, K., Oyler, J., Glina, M., Drewry, R., ... Nelson, K. (2017). Toward a more dialogic pedagogy: changing teachers beliefs and practices through professional development in language arts classrooms.Language and education,31(1), 65-82. Australian Curriculum assessment and reporting Authority (ACARA) 2017 retrieved from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/the-arts/introduction.Early years learning framework, (belonging, being and becoming). (Department of education, employmentandworkplace),2009 Ewing, R, 2010. The Arts and Australian education: realising potential. retrieved from https://research.acer.edu.au/aer/11/ Russell-Bowie, D. 2012: MMADD about The Arts: An introduction to primary Arts education (3rd ed.). Duffy, B. (2006). Supporting creativity and imagination in the early years Sharp, C. 2004. Developing young children's creativity: what can we learn from research? National Foundation for Educational Research, 32, 5-12

Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership

Introduction Organizations have from time to time; carry out a thorough evaluation of their practices so as to be able to gain insight in ways of streamlining their organizational processes and improvement of revenue and high profit making potential. Both the internal and external aspects are analyzed and it must also be a wide-ranging and all inclusive activity so as to be able to gain proper strategic approach. The model of corporation management examination is derived from the unpredictable economic settings in which companies function.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Investors usually want assurance in a corporation’s wellbeing before they engage in investing in public owned companies, this shows that they want to be provided with reports showing the businesses strength, comprehend how a business bounced back from a plunge in returns or whether its cash flow is hampered by its clientele who don’t meet their obligations. Reports and analysis done to investigate all this always give potential investors with specifics they require to make knowledgeable choices. With precise tabulations of inward bound returns and reliable evaluation of market tests, company analysis has turned out to be nearly requisite to many market-watchers. To a certain extent business owners and top management opt to use company analysis to assess procedures and boost their companies’ practices and revenue earnings, instead of refusing to go along with change and resolving for business as usual. Key Focuses Case study 1: Netflix Netflix being one of the world’s largest online providers of movie rentals serves over ten million clients/ subscribers who have access to more than 100,000 DVD titles plus a variety of over five thousand selections that its subscribers can view instantly in real time on t heir computers. Netflix has transformed the way movies are rented by delivering them directly to their clients. With today’s demanding way of life, and clients demanding extra value and control, it’s no doubt that Netflix has turned out to be the most favored online source of home entertainment. Netflix has since then developed to be the world’s leading online movie rental provider with it being named the top internet movie retail site for client contentment in 10 out of 11 reviews since 2005 carried out by ForeSee Results. In the same year Fast Company declared it the winner of its yearly Customers First Award. Among other achievements of Netflix include, Retail Innovator of the Year(2007), number one online retailer by Nielsen Online(December 2007), Netflix Player ranked top 10 device of the year by time magazine(December 2008), and 2010 number one e-commerce corporation by the American Customer Satisfaction Index. NetFlix.com, Inc. was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. Netflix manages an online-based limitless movie rental service for digital video disc (DVD) formatted movies. The DVD has made available a new technology for storing and playing movies with image and sound quality exceeding that of traditional videocassettes.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A DVD is same in size to an audio compact disc and is capable of storing an entire film, as well as added material such as subtitles in different languages, additional shorter videos about the making of the film or other related subject matter, and information about the actors, director, and producers. With its high quality and additional features, the new DVD technology provided an attractive alternative to traditional videocassettes for the home video market. A key aspect of the Netflix business model is the â€Å"Marquee Queue† concept. The â€Å"Marquee Queue† allow subscribers to rent several movies at once for viewing. This is simply a subscriber’s queue where a list of all the movies that the subscriber had selected, but which had not yet been sent to the subscriber is presented. After logging on to the Netflix Web site, a new subscriber browses the virtual aisles and select movies that he or she desires to watch. These movies are then used to build the subscriber’s queue. The website makes it easy for subscribers to edit the queue, such that the list can be arranged in the desired order. The company then ships the DVDs at the top of the queue to subscribers. Netflix is plagued with technological concerns as far as its ability to move to offering online video from DVDs, this leads to a loss in subscribers. Netflix still has indications of a cash flow Achilles’ heel as compared to its competitors (Blockbuster, Comcast). They also experience high cost on product acquisition. It experiences competition from about every part of the entertainment industry from cable, digital, and satellite services, including the pay-per-view option and movie channels such as HBO, and Showtime. Due to this an extensive choice of substitutes is offered as a result from the diverse competition. (Marks, 2005). Case study 2: Blockbuster Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation is an adjustable company that notices prospects and is conscious of the challenges that come with every business venture. In so doing it has to be conscious of forthcoming corporations that provide same kind of services for example Hollywood Video. Blockbuster has seized the opening to spread out their services from providing just movies to offering new movies and video games. A main element of Blockbuster’s products is made up of video games. Blockbuster has expanded its operations to include products such as the console games which have further increased its market share by the acquisition of American Satellite and Video Inc. â€Å"American Satellite operates Rhino Video Games, which is a games retail chain. Rhino Video buys, sells, and trades video games. Rhino has 40 retail stores in the Southeast, including Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina† (Leon, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Expansion and Acquisition of Stores Locations Blockbuster seized the opportunity to expand to different countries and will continue to spread to other countries. Blockbuster has greatly expanded internationally and is currently in 27 countries across North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Europe. Blockbuster went from 1500 stores in 1990 to over 8000 stores worldwide in 2002; this expansion is the key to Blockbuster’s success. They have used this expansion to penetrate th e market and capture market share. In 2001, Blockbuster’s worldwide revenues surpassed $5 billion, and 20 percent of that was generated outside the U.S. Blockbuster will continue to expand as it is doing in Central America to capture more and more market share (Lamb McDaniel 2005), Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation is an adaptive company that sees opportunity and is aware of the challenges. New ideas are important on topics such as how to compete with internet video rental companies and how to capture the video game rental market. Entering into new countries has been a main focus as well. Blockbuster has also used its three main revenue producers to compete in the vastly growing industry. Blockbuster has also had to keep up with many technological threats. Investments have been down so strategic alliances have been formed to strengthen the company. Online movie rentals and sales have proven to be a necessity considering all the recent technological advances. With all of these things in mind Blockbuster has made many adaptations since the case and should be able to remain competitive in the industry. (Haag Phillips, 2005). Key Findings A thorough examination of strategies, resources, and fund raising procedures for up-and-coming growth and middle-market corporations is mandatory for any intended growth to be achieved or realized. This paper has examined both Netflix and blockbuster and provides wide-ranging and convenient recommendations on appreciating and applying the basics of corporate finance to upcoming and middle-market corporations. Haag Phillips ( 2005) notes â€Å"by means of utilizing empirical data and real company case studies to demonstrate resource structures and investment approaches, the recommendations provide an in depth argument of the numerous grant mechanisms.† These can range from conventional bank credits and asset-based funding to diverse types of private equity and other innovative resolution which may include a va riety of financial support sources, their projected rates of returns and the deal terms. (Haag Phillips, 2005)Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geoff (2006) notes â€Å"a company analysis gives information about performance and prospects. business graph image by Alexey Klementiev from Fotolia.com thisth This investigations, or corporate analyses, refer to dealings undertaken for a comprehensive evaluation to gain a thoughtful realization of a company’s precedent performance and potential prospects.† A systematic scrutiny will center on all facets of the corporate body, as well as the administration structure and know-how, assets and resources, growth forecasts, productivity and insubstantial aspects such as goodwill and the product image. Geoff (2006) notes â€Å"results of the analysis are used in reaching business decisions by external parties, such as whether or not to invest in or go into a partnership with the analyzed company.† By and large corporate excellence of a business can be assessed by examining the company’s core elements, purpose, objectives and procedures. For example, a company may produce products of flawless quality but have a scandalous customer service record. As such, a total company evaluation may be broken down into minor, related evaluations to look into the various parts of the company. When all the reports from the different analysis are implemented as one, a full size representation of the company’s well being is fashioned. (Geoff, 2006). Strategies for company growth recommended Company analyses often begin from top management or administration team and trickle down to subordinate ranks of the corporation. Together with every segment of the company in the scrutiny procedure make available a well-formed appraisal of the company. This examination possibly will necessitate use of departmental plans or strategies. In trade, administration analysis characteristically centers on procedures, business culture or economic performance. Operational evaluation comprises how a business carries out its responsibilities, business culture, relates to bu siness philosophies and practices, and economic assessments are the returns obtained from business functions. (Gamble Arthur, 2004) Companies should find ways of expanding their geographical cover of potential market bases by setting up new stores in new areas, and also through promotion of diverse brand of products that create an appeal and attract potential clientele and retain clients they once upon a time were not able to get in touch with. Corporations intending to grow should carry out frequent analyses of the foremost industry they form a part of; this helps them get a comprehensive grasp on what is required, for example both Netflix should have a sense of the type of movies and services Blockbuster is offering to its clients so as to come up with better services and vice versa. Divide the strategies formulated after carrying out the analysis into specific groups; for example market strategies, people strategies, products and services, administration and organization and fi nally finance. These helps the company be able to implement the strategies and plans fully and realize their objectives. Hire and recruit with high energy levels and good health so as to have maximum employee output Examine the company’s potentiality in terms of resources and finances, before embarking on growth. Another important and strong strategy is to think of globalization. Relating particular products with global events like the world cup can give the world a product it can share in entirely. One should use one of the following techniques in sales. Sales staff – add the time they spend on sales, increase their human resource and their knowledge, skills; communicate with sales representatives, distributors; improve customers’ information of what’s on hand. Evaluate peoples remuneration to ensure that all have equal packages and also that the people feel that the remuneration and compensation is awarded without bias. People should be educated in orde r to understand the benefits of a company’s benefit package. Constant specialized training and skill enhancement for employees to upgrade their job output. Examine the company’s association with existing and possible clients, its familiarity of varying needs and opportunities in the marketplace, the way it classifies and contacts its regulars, service quality and speed of products being offered, marketing, advertising, and the selling and management skills its possesses. Managers should monitor and utilize resources efficiently for the company’s growth by encompassing the highest quality of know-how and accounting and budgeting systems. In the process they should also be able to establish what can be done to develop precision and relevance of accounting so performance information is accessible in real time. (Andrà ©, 2007). Conclusion Businesses may opt for an outside company to carry out a company analysis for them. This option provides an objective opinion o f the company and managers are provided with innovative ideas from an outside source without biasness, looking to make changes that will offer significant company returns and realization of objectives. The function of performance examination is to determine whether a company is carrying on well, this information is very vital in attracting investors and also identify areas that call for upgrading. Proper run companies carry out internal analysis on a frequent basis, to be able to keep in touch with changes influencing the company’s performance. Managers come with findings of the evaluation and table them before stakeholders at annual general meetings, with a purpose of catching the attention of potential business prospects. Companies that carry out regular analysis are more in touch with the diverse background issues touching the business and are more vibrant and receptive to market forces. Competition is good for business as the more quality varieties of a certain product in the market are available then, product demand is also high. Reference List Andrà ©, R. (2007). Organizational Behavior: An Introduction to Your Life in Organizations. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Gamble, J. Arthur, T. (2004) Essentials of Strategic Management: The Quest for Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Geoff, F. (2006). Marketing Fundermentals:CIM Coursebook. London: oxford publishers. Haag, S. Phillips, A. (2005), Business Driven Technology., New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hitt, I. Hoskisson, P. (2009). Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization : concepts cases, edn 8, New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Lamb, C., McDaniel, C. (2005), Marketing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Leon, C. (2009). Essentials of Marketing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2009. Marks, K. (2005). The handbook of financing growth: strategies and capital structure. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. This research paper on Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership was written and submitted by user Rick Jones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Scholarships For Graduate Students Sample

Essay Scholarships For Graduate Students SampleOne of the ways that you can have your story published on the Internet is to submit an essay scholarship for graduate students sample. These essays are mostly used as a preview to a resume for graduate students. It is important to make sure that your essay has the right kind of content, grammatical mistakes and spelling errors. There are online editors who are very skillful and able to take care of all these problems.Some online editors offer paid and free editing services. If you are willing to pay for your services, then you may ask for samples of your essay so that you can improve it. However, when you are using a free service, it is important to make sure that it is not very inappropriate. The same applies if you are using a paid service.Also, writing an essay for graduate students needs more than just good grammar and punctuation. You should also try to do adequate research about the topic before writing your essay. The research can be done online by going through the resources available in the net. It is important to come up with an effective topic in your essay.Students have a lot of things to learn. This is why it is important to have enough information about the subject you are going to write about. If you are using a student essay service, it is important to ensure that the topics of your essay and the source material are both accurate.In case you want to know how to do this, you can try to study and take tests high and low. This can help you develop your ideas about the topics and also can help you think critically about the subject.Another important thing that you can do is to have more friends who are graduate students. This will help you get feedback about the essay topic and this will help you focus on the topics. It is important to write a great essay especially if you want to get the attention of some famous universities.Thus, if you are interested in applying for essay scholarships for graduate st udents sample, then you can start your research by doing a search on the net. You can use the source materials available on the internet to help you develop your idea.

Creatine Crazy essays

Creatine Crazy essays Now batting in the clean-up position at this years baseball World Series is Mr. Creatine (Frankel 1). As the pitcher winds up, he knows in his heart that his new opponent, an amino acid supplement hiding in the muscle tissues of the batter, now threatens him. He delivers the pitch over the fat part of the plate and Mr. Creatine swings and drives the ball deep into center field. Back, back, back, going, going, gone, another awesome four hundred ten foot homerun for Mr. Creatine and the Major League Baseball Association! Thats right, more homeruns and runs batted in, as well as an increased popularity and swelling revenue at the box office, have brought national attention to the sport of baseball. To use or not to use, that is the question (Frankel 1). For years and years, athletes of all sports were using steroids to bulk up their physique. Today, the use of steroids has dropped rapidly since the presence of mandatory drug testing in professional sports. However, athletes are s till trying to obtain a performance edge, and many have found that answer in creatine. The controversy continues as trainers, coaches, and owners are arguing its use on a daily basis. What will the long-term effects be to young high school, college, and professional athletes? Certainly there are risks involved with creatines use, however baseball needs creatine for its own survival. According to the Dymatize Creatine Manufactory (DCM), creatine monohydrate is a naturally occurring metabolite found in red muscle tissue. DCM also explains that the supplement acts as a powerful aid in the energizing of muscle strength and the enhancing of athletic performance. (Williams 1) Creatine is one of the twenty amino acids, and can be found in lean red meat, tuna, salmon, pork, or beef. For example, a two-pound beefsteak equals approximately 5 grams of creatine, and a two pound piece of salmon contains around 6 gra...

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin Anyang is the name of a modern city in Henan Province of eastern China that contains the ruins of Yin, the massive capital city of the late Shang Dynasty (1554 -1045 BC). In 1899, hundreds of ornately carved tortoise shells and ox scapulas called oracle bones were found in Anyang. Full-scale excavations began in 1928, and since then, investigations by Chinese archaeologists have revealed nearly 25 square kilometers (~10 square miles) of the enormous capital city. Some of the English-language scientific literature refers to the ruins as Anyang, but its Shang Dynasty residents knew it as Yin. Founding Yin Yinxu (or the Ruins of Yin in Chinese) has been identified as the capital Yin described in Chinese records such as the Shi Ji, based on the inscribed oracle bones which (among other things) document the activities of the Shang royal house. Yin was founded as a small residential area on the south bank of the Huan River, a tributary of the Yellow River of central China. When it was founded, an earlier settlement called Huanbei (sometimes referred to as Huayuanzhuang) was located on the north side of the river. Huanbei was a Middle Shang settlement built around 1350 BC, and by 1250 covered an area of approximately 4.7 sq km (1.8 sq km), surrounded by a rectangular wall.​ An Urban City But in 1250 BC, Wu Ding, the 21st king of the Shang Dynasty {ruled 1250-1192 BC], made Yin his capital. Within 200 years, Yin had expanded into an enormous urban center, with an estimated population of somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 people. The ruins include more than 100 pounded earth palace foundations, numerous residential neighborhoods, workshops and production areas, and cemeteries. The urban core of Yinxu is the palace-temple district at the core called Xiaotun, covering approximately 70 hectares (170 acres) and located at a bend in the river: it may have been separated from the rest of the city by a ditch. More than 50 rammed earth foundations were found here in the 1930s, representing several clusters of buildings which had been built and rebuilt during the citys use. Xiaotun had an elite residential quarter, administrative buildings, altars, and an ancestral temple. Most of the 50,000 oracle bones were found in pits in Xiaotun, and there were also numerous sacrificial pits containing human skeletons, animals, and chariots. Residential Workshops Yinxu is broken into several specialized workshop areas that contain evidence of jade artifact production, the bronze casting of tools and vessels, pottery making, and bone and turtle shell working. Multiple, massive bone and bronze working areas have been discovered, organized into a network of workshops that were under the control of a hierarchical lineage of families. Specialized neighborhoods in the city included Xiamintun and Miaopu, where bronze casting took place; Beixinzhuang where bone objects were processed; and Liujiazhuang North where serving and storage pottery vessels were made. These areas were both residential and industrial: for example, Liujiazhuang contained ceramic production debris and kilns, interspersed with rammed-earth house foundations, burials, cisterns, and other residential features. A major road led from Liujiazhuang to the Xiaotun palace-temple district. Liujiazhuang was likely a lineage-based settlement; its clan name was found inscribed on a bronze seal and bronze vessels in an associated cemetery. Death and Ritual Violence at Yinxu Thousands of tombs and pits containing human remains have been found at Yinxu, from massive, elaborate royal burials, aristocratic graves, common graves, and bodies or body parts in sacrificial pits. Ritual mass killings particularly associated with royalty were a common part of Late Shang society. From the oracle bone records, during Yins 200-year occupation more than 13,000 humans and many more animals were sacrificed. There were two types of state-supported human sacrifice documented in the oracle bone records found at Yinxu. Renxun or human companions referred to family members or servants killed as retainers at the death of an elite individual. They were often buried with elite goods in individual coffins or group tombs. Rensheng or human offerings were massive groups of people, often mutilated and decapitated, buried in large groups for the most part lacking grave goods. Rensheng and Renxun Archaeological evidence for human sacrifice at Yinxu is found in pits and tombs found across the entire city. In residential areas, sacrificial pits are small in scale, mostly animal remains with human sacrifices relatively rare, most with only one to three victims per event, although occasionally they had as many as 12. Those discovered at the royal cemetery or in the palace-temple complex have included up to several hundred human sacrifices at once. Rensheng sacrifices were made up of outsiders, and are reported in the oracle bones to have come from at least 13 different enemy groups. Over half of the sacrifices were said to have come from Qiang, and the largest groups of human sacrifices reported on the oracle bones always included some Qiang people. The term Qiang may have been a category of enemies located west of Yin rather than a particular group; little grave goods have been found with the burials. Systematic osteological analysis of the sacrifices has not been completed as of yet, but stable isotope studies among and between sacrificial victims were reported by bioarchaeologist Christina Cheung and colleagues in 2017; they found that the victims were indeed nonlocals. It is possible that rensheng sacrifice victims may have been slaves before their deaths; oracle bone inscriptions document the enslavement of the Qiang people and chronicling their involvement in productive labor. Inscriptions and Understanding Anyang Over 50,000 inscribed oracle bones and several dozen bronze-vessel inscriptions dated to the Late Shang period (1220-1050 BC) have been recovered from Yinxu. These documents, together with later, secondary texts, were used by British archaeologist Roderick Campbell to document in detail the political network at Yin. Yin was, like most Bronze Age cities in China, a kings city, built to the order of the king as a created center of political and religious activity. Its core was a royal cemetery and palace-temple area. The king was the lineage leader, and responsible for leading rituals involving his ancient ancestors and other living relations in his clan. In addition to reporting political events such as the numbers of sacrificial victims and to whom they were dedicated, the oracle bones report the kings personal and state concerns, from a toothache to crop failures to divination. Inscriptions also refer to schools at Yin, perhaps places for literacy training, or perhaps where trainees were taught to maintain divination records. Bronze Technology The Late Shang dynasty was at the apex of bronze making technology in China. The process used high-quality molds and cores, which were pre-cast to prevent shrinkage and breaking during the process. The molds were made of a fairly low percentage of clay and an accordingly high percentage of sand, and they were fired before use to produce a high resistance to thermal shock, low thermal conductivity, and a high porosity for adequate ventilation during casting. Several large bronze foundry sites have been found. The largest identified to date is the Xiaomintun site, covering a total area of over 5 ha (12 ac), up to 4 ha (10 ac) of which have been excavated. Archaeology in Anyang To date, there have been 15 seasons of excavations by Chinese authorities since 1928, including the Academia Sinica, and its successors the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. A joint Chinese-American project conducted excavations at Huanbei in the 1990s. Yinxu was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Sources Campbell Roderick  B, Li Z, He Y, and Jing Y. 2011. Consumption, exchange and production at the Great Settlement Shang: bone-working at Tiesanlu, Anyang. Antiquity 85(330):1279-1297.Cheung C, Jing Z, Tang J, Weston DA, and Richards MP. 2017. Diets, social roles, and geographical origins of sacrificial victims at the royal cemetery at Yinxu, Shang China: New evidence from stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 48:28-45.Flad R. 2016. Urbanism as technology in early China. Archaeological Research in Asia 2016/09/29.Jin ZY, Wu YJ, Fan AC, Yue ZW, Li G, Li SH, and Yan LF. 2015. Luminescence study of the initial, pre-casting firing temperatures of clay mould and core used for bronze casting at Yinxu (13c. BC~11c. BC). Quaternary Geochronology 30:374-380.Smith AT. 2010. The evidence for scribal training at Anyang. In: Li F, and Prager Banner D, editors. Writing and Literacy in Early China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p 172 -208. Sun W-D, Zhang L-P, Guo J, Li C-Y, Jiang Y-H, Zartman RE, and Zhang Z-F. 2016. Origin of the mysterious Yin-Shang bronzes in China indicated by lead isotopes. Scientific Reports 6:23304.Wei S, Song G, and He Y. 2015. The identification of binding agent used in late Shang Dynasty turquoise-inlayed bronze objects excavated in Anyang. Journal of Archaeological Science 59:211-218.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2016. Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China. PLOS ONE 11(4):e0151854.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2017. Osteoarthritis, labour division, and occupational specialization of the Late Shang China - insights from Yinxu (ca. 1250-1046 B.C.). PLOS ONE 12(5):e0176329.

Automated data reconciliation of the clinical and safety databases Thesis

Automated data reconciliation of the clinical and safety databases - Thesis Example It saves time, and more importantly, gets rid of possible discrepancies between databases. Whenever discrepancies are possible, it necessitates extra quality assurance steps for resolving mismatches (Zhengwu Lu, & Lu, Zhengwu, 2009). Serious Adverse Event, SAE, and Adverse Event, AE, reconciliation compares specific data between two databases; a clinical database and a safety database. A clinical database defined as s closed system while a safety database as an open system. A clinical database can review data for only a short time period that is lasting of the trial, hence defined as closed. A safety database on the other hand, is an open system due to its continuous reception of new SAEs or updates of SAEs that already exist concerning any clinical trials even when they are locked (Van et al 2012). Data management performs the task of SAE and AE reconciliation. Two departments are normally involved, the pharmacovigilance and drug safety, and clinical data science. During the data reconciliation, SAE is collected in the safety database and in the clinical database. Data cleaning takes place according to the specifications of data validation (Dwivedi & IGI Global, 2009). SAE reconciliation is performed continually between first patient first visit, FPFV, and last patient last visit, LPLV. The reason for such timely performances provides data that is reliable and trustworthy, that is of greatly useful in decision-making processes on a drug’s safety profile and successive trial design. It also ensures consistency in reporting to health authorities regarding individual Safety reports, New Drug Application, and the annual Investigational New Drug Update (Trasi, 1994). The skill set accessible in the data management section, many additional things can be done. The interior talents of the section are not fully utilized. It is not fulfilling for persons and the organization. The prospects and the demands are there.

Wooden Bats versus Metal Bats in Baseball Essay

Wooden Bats versus Metal Bats in Baseball - Essay Example Wooden bats are heavier than metal bats because they are solid, and that is why they require more effort to sway than aluminum bats. They also have a smaller sweet spot due to which the hit remains within range, i.e., the hitting zone is small. In other words, the weight of wooden bats is concentrated far from hands, or in other words, the center of gravity lies in the barrel. Thus, the swing weight is higher, which keeps the ball within range and means that the ball will not go much farther. Metal bats are hollow from within. A metal bat is lighter because of a larger sweet spot (Zumerchik 52), and the weight is concentrated very close to the hands, which will make the hit swing much higher as the swing weight is lower. A ball thrown at a higher or faster pace will also go farther. Wooden bats are safer than metal bats because the exit speed of the ball is much slower in case of wooden bats. Thus, the ball comes off with slow speed, which is good as it reduces the danger of injury if the ball hits another player or pitcher. Also, there is no chance that the bat will get tossed away from the hands of the player. This is why major league baseball authorities endorse the use of wooden bats, considering the hit power of the professional players. Metal bats, as they are lighter, can easily get tossed away to injure another player. Also, the larger sweet spot in case of metal bats causes larger exit speed of the ball, i.e., the ball will jump off faster, which could injure anybody within the hitting zone very seriously. There have been many unfortunate events in the past, in which players or spectators got injured due to this issue, as the Associated Press states, â€Å"A New Jersey teenager left brain-damaged after being struck by a line drive while playing in a youth baseball game will receive $14.5 million to settle his lawsuit against the bat.